MATLAB is reasonably similar in syntax and structure to C - you probably won't have too much of a problem picking it up. And any cases involving 2- or 3-D modelling are well suited to the MATLAB environment, because of the array-based nature of the language - matrix operations are the default behavior of the system. Since you have a familiarity with other languages, I'd say that your time would be best served playing around a little bit with simple systems and reading over a few of the MathWorks tutorials until you're reasonably comfortable with the syntax, and then dive right into your project.
HOWEVER...as far as performance goes, you'll be taking a serious hit in comparison to compiled languages like C, since MATLAB is an interpreted scripting language. For my own work, which dealt with automata, interacting particle systems, and the like, porting models from MATLAB to C usually resulted in performance gains of 50-1000x, depending on the operations involved.
So depending on the exact implementation you're using, you can expect an increase in computation time on that same order compared to what you might expect in C. More recent releases have certainly done a lot to improve performance, and you may also be able to recoup some of those performance costs by using the MATLAB C Compiler (mcc) to compile your code back down to C. This can be used to create a standalone executable from your m-files - a useful trick if you need it.
This is not to discourage you from using MATLAB in any way - I think that it's a great language and environment, and if you don't mind taking a performance hit, it's hard to beat for scientific computing. This is just to warn you that you may be in for some surprises with how long your simulations will take, especially compared to a "performance" language like C.
Hope that helps to answer some of your questions. If you've got more specific questions about getting into MATLAB, feel free to post them here, as well as any issues that you may come across when you start coding