#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;

class String
{
public:
    String();
    String(const char *const);
    String(const String &);
    ~String();

    //overloaded operators
    char & operator[](int offset);
    char operator[](int offset) const;
    String operator+(const String&);
    void operator+=(const String&);
    String & operator= (const String&);
    friend ostream& operator<<
        (ostream& theStream, String& theString);
    int GetLen()const {return itsLen;}
    const char * GetString() const {return itsString;}

private:
    String (int);
    char * itsString;
    unsigned short itsLen;
};//end String class

String::String()
{
    itsString = new char[1];
    itsString[0] = '\0';
    itsLen = 0;
}

String::String(int len)
{
    itsString = new char [len+1];
    for(int i = 0; i <= len; i++)
        itsString[i] = '\0';
    itsLen = len;
}

String::String(const char * const cString)
{
    itsLen = strlen(cString);
    itsString = new char[itsLen+1];
    for (int i = 0; i <itsLen; i++)
        itsString[i] = cString[i];
    itsString[itsLen] = '\0';
}

String::String(const String & rhs)
{
    itsLen=rhs.GetLen();
    itsString = new char[itsLen+1];
    for (int i =0; i< itsLen; i++)
        itsString[i] = rhs[i];
    itsString[itsLen] = '\0';
}

String::~String()
{
    delete [] itsString;
    itsLen = 0;
}

String& String::operator=(const String & rhs)
{
    if (this == &rhs)
        return *this;
    delete [] itsString;
    itsLen = rhs.GetLen();
    itsString = new char [itsLen +1];
    for (int i = 0; i <itsLen; i++)
        itsString[i] = rhs[i];
    itsString[itsLen] = '\0';
    return *this;
}

char & String::operator [](int offset)
{
    if (offset > itsLen)
        return itsString[itsLen-1];
    else
        return itsString[offset];
}

char String::operator [](int offset) const
{
    if (offset > itsLen)
        return itsString[itsLen-1];
    else
        return itsString[offset];
}

String String::operator +(const String & rhs)
{
    int totalLen = itsLen + rhs.GetLen();
    String temp(totalLen);
    int i, j;
    for (i = 0; i < itsLen; i++)
        temp[i] = itsString[i];
    for(j = 0; j < rhs.GetLen(); j ++)
        temp[i] = rhs[j];
    temp[totalLen]='\0';
    return temp;
}

void String::operator +=(const String &rhs)
{
    unsigned short rhsLen = rhs.GetLen();
    unsigned short totalLen = itsLen + rhsLen;
    String temp(totalLen);
    int i, j;
    for (i=0; i<itsLen; i++)
        temp[i] = itsString[i];
    for(j=0, i=0; j<rhs.GetLen(); j++, i++)
        temp[i] = rhs[i-itsLen];
    temp[totalLen] = '\0';
    *this = temp;
}

ostream& operator<< (ostream& theStream, String& theString)
{
    theStream << theString.itsString;
    return theStream;
}

int main()
{
    String theString("Example of Overloading Operators\n");
    cout << theString;
    return 0;
}