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Day 2 (installing mysql, a web server named nginx, and PHP in debian, and terrible vi notes)

04 May 2011
Icon 2 Comments
Posted by NotarySojac 
ref: http://kevin.vanzonn...n_ubuntu_lucid/
Updated: 6-9-2012

Hey, in this tutorial, we will be installing nginx, PHP, and mysql.

Overview:
1) Install nginx
2) Install PHP
2.1) Configure nginx to work with virtual hosts and PHP
3) Install mysql


:: 1 - nginx

UPDATE: Install a bunch of new prerequisits. I think most of them will be automatically installed for you, but just in case. 
$  apt-get update
$  apt-get install vim gcc build-essential libpcre3 libpcre3-dev libssl-dev


Grab the freshest source code from the internet. 
$  cd /tmp
$  wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.2.1.tar.gz
$  tar xvfz nginx-1.2.1.tar.gz
$  cd nginx-1.2.1


Spoiler


Compile it (ref:http://wiki.nginx.org/InstallOptions)
$  ./configure --sbin-path=/usr/local/sbin --with-http_ssl_module
$  make
$  make install

(I think we may have been able to use --http-fastcgi-temp-path=PATH and pointed to our cgi thing, Not sure yet though).
(the option --with-cpu-opt=CPU might be of some interest to us later, I think my dell is a... celeron... lame...)


We want to be able to start and stop the thing, so make the following file:
(vi /etc/init.d/nginx)
#! /bin/sh

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          nginx
# Required-Start:    $all
# Required-Stop:     $all
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: starts the nginx web server
# Description:       starts nginx using start-stop-daemon
### END INIT INFO

PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
DAEMON=/usr/local/sbin/nginx
NAME=nginx
DESC=nginx

test -x $DAEMON || exit 0

# Include nginx defaults if available
if [ -f /etc/default/nginx ] ; then
        . /etc/default/nginx
fi

set -e

case "$1" in
  start)
        echo -n "Starting $DESC: "
        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid --exec $DAEMON -- $DAEMON_OPTS
        echo "$NAME."
        ;;
  stop)
        echo -n "Stopping $DESC: "
        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid --exec $DAEMON
        echo "$NAME."
        ;;
  restart|force-reload)
        echo -n "Restarting $DESC: "
        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --pidfile /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid --exec $DAEMON
        sleep 1
        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid --exec $DAEMON -- $DAEMON_OPTS
        echo "$NAME."
        ;;
  reload)
      echo -n "Reloading $DESC configuration: "
      start-stop-daemon --stop --signal HUP --quiet --pidfile /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid --exec $DAEMON
      echo "$NAME."
      ;;
  *)
        N=/etc/init.d/$NAME
        echo "Usage: $N {start|stop|restart|force-reload}" >&2
        exit 1
        ;;
esac

exit 0



Make it executable, test it out, and make it boot at startup. 
$  chmod 755 /etc/init.d/nginx
$  /etc/init.d/nginx start
## After this command, you should be able to go to localhost and see "welcome to nginx!"
$  cd /etc/init.d 
$  update-rc.d nginx defaults



Now we take a break from nginx to setup PHP.



:: 2 - PHP

$  apt-get install php5-cgi php5-mysql php5-curl php5-gd php5-idn php-pear php5-imagick php5-imap php5-json php5-mcrypt php5-memcache php5-mhash php5-ming php5-ps php5-pspell php5-recode php5-snmp php5-sqlite php5-tidy php5-xmlrpc php5-xsl



Put fix at bottom of php.ini
(vi /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini)
.
.
.
cgi.fix_pathinfo = 1




(vi /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi)
#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          php-fastcgi
# Required-Start:    $all
# Required-Stop:     $all
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
# Description:       Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
### END INIT INFO

# Author: Kurt Zankl <[email protected]>

# Do NOT "set -e"

PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
DESC="php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode"
NAME=php-fastcgi
DAEMON=/usr/bin/php-cgi
PIDFILE=/var/run/$NAME.pid
SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME

# Exit if the package is not installed
[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0

# Read configuration variable file if it is present
[ -r /etc/default/$NAME ] && . /etc/default/$NAME

# Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables
. /lib/init/vars.sh

# Define LSB log_* functions.
# Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present.
. /lib/lsb/init-functions

# If the daemon is not enabled, give the user a warning and then exit,
# unless we are stopping the daemon
if [ "$START" != "yes" -a "$1" != "stop" ]; then
        log_warning_msg "To enable $NAME, edit /etc/default/$NAME and set START=yes"
        exit 0
fi

# Process configuration
export PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
DAEMON_ARGS="-q -b $FCGI_HOST:$FCGI_PORT"


do_start()
{
        # Return
        #   0 if daemon has been started
        #   1 if daemon was already running
        #   2 if daemon could not be started
        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null || return 1
        start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --background --make-pidfile --chuid $EXEC_AS_USER --startas $DAEMON -- $DAEMON_ARGS || return 2
}

do_stop()
{
        # Return
        #   0 if daemon has been stopped
        #   1 if daemon was already stopped
        #   2 if daemon could not be stopped
        #   other if a failure occurred
        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=TERM/30/KILL/5 --pidfile $PIDFILE > /dev/null # --name $DAEMON
        RETVAL="$?"
        [ "$RETVAL" = 2 ] && return 2
        # Wait for children to finish too if this is a daemon that forks
        # and if the daemon is only ever run from this initscript.
        # If the above conditions are not satisfied then add some other code
        # that waits for the process to drop all resources that could be
        # needed by services started subsequently.  A last resort is to
        # sleep for some time.
        start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --retry=0/30/KILL/5 --exec $DAEMON
        [ "$?" = 2 ] && return 2
        # Many daemons don't delete their pidfiles when they exit.
        rm -f $PIDFILE
        return "$RETVAL"
}

case "$1" in
  start)
        [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
        do_start
        case "$?" in
                0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
                2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
        esac
        ;;
  stop)
        [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
        do_stop
        case "$?" in
                0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
                2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
        esac
        ;;
  restart|force-reload)
        log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME"
        do_stop
        case "$?" in
          0|1)
                do_start
                case "$?" in
                        0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
                        1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running
                        *) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start
                esac
                ;;
          *)
                # Failed to stop
                log_end_msg 1
                ;;
        esac
        ;;
  *)
        echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|restart|force-reload}" >&2
        exit 3
        ;;
esac




$  chmod 755 /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi


(vi /etc/default/php-fastcgi)
#
# Settings for php-cgi in external FASTCGI Mode
#

# Should php-fastcgi run automatically on startup? (default: no)

START=yes

# Which user runs PHP? (default: www-data)

EXEC_AS_USER=www-data

# Host and TCP port for FASTCGI-Listener (default: localhost:9000)

FCGI_HOST=localhost
FCGI_PORT=9000

# Environment variables, which are processed by PHP

PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN=5
PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS=1000


Test that it works and set it to automatically start at boot time. 
$  /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi start
$  cd /etc/init.d
$  update-rc.d php-fastcgi defaults



Great, we're almost there, we just have a few settings to change in nginx to enable php.

::- 2.1 Configure Nginx with virtual hosts and PHP


Find each corresponding line and either change it, or uncomment it. DON'T WRITE NEW LINES.
(vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf)
[...]
user www-data www-data;
worker_processes  5;


There's more stuff in the file, virtual hosts, contained in server {} containers. Make your default one look like this

[...]
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  192.168.253.132;  # modified, change to what ever the ip address of your webserver is.  

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.php index.html index.htm;  #modified
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        location ~ \.php$ {                         #Uncomment these lines...
            root           html;
            fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            fastcgi_index  index.php;
            fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /usr/local/nginx/html$fastcgi_script_name;            #modified!
            include        fastcgi_params;
        }

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }
[...]



For good measure, let's create a second virtual server. When using ruby on rails, you're going to need to setup multiple virtual servers (on subdomains or alternate ports).
Add the below virtual server just below the first server {} container. 

[...]
[... first virtual server...]

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;  # modified 

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html/mt;                                      # NOTICE THIS SLY LINE!
            index  index.php index.html index.htm;  #modified
        }

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        location ~ \.php$ {                         #Uncomment these lines...
            root           html;
            fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            fastcgi_index  index.php;
            fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /usr/local/nginx/html$fastcgi_script_name;            #modified!
            include        fastcgi_params;
        }
    }
[...]


Now what we've done here is that, if someone types the IP address of our server in their web browser, they get brought to 
/usr/local/nginx/html/index.html


BUT, if they type in http://localhost they get brought to
/usr/local/nginx/html/mt/index.html


Create that second index html and test it out for yourself:
(vi /usr/local/nginx/html/mt/index.html)
<h1> This is a virtual server! </h1>


This example requires that you are able to use a webbrowser on the server machine.

Great, now if you'd prefer, delete that second virtual server, and change the server_name declaration to server_name _; in order to catch all requests, no matter how the client got to the webserver.

On your connecting machine, consider adding these lines to your HOSTS file (which will redirect domain names to local IP address of your choice):
192.168.0.11      lo.com
192.168.0.11      test.lo.com
192.168.0.11      appname.lo.com

You can configure those virtual hosts in nginx if you'd like to, each of those addresses can be a different rails app.


OK, think PHP again, we haven't tested that properly yet...

Create a php file in your html root directory to test if php is working yet.
(vi /usr/local/nginx/html/info.php)
<?php
  phpinfo();
?>


Now reboot your system and navigate to the new page you created. 
http://localhost/info.php





:: 3 - MySql

Ok, let's slap MySql on there too. It's a breeze. That 15-dev may someday become 16-dev. I think I made a note of that somewhere else...
$  apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client libmysqlclient15-dev

Atm, it will prompt you to specify a desired root password, so just go along with all that.

After the installation, you should be able to run the mysql client and even verify that the server is ticking away on localhost
$  mysql -u root -p
mysql >  exit




$  netstat -tap | grep mysql
tcp        0      0 localhost.localdo:mysql *:*                     LISTEN     2713/mysqld


We're done, yay!
----------------------------------------------------------------------

(terrible) VI notes:
Ok, vi is a text editor. It's terrible. But it works good in a terminal window. Here's what goes through my mind when I try to use it. 
TEXT INPUT MODE:
hit insert to enter text editing mode
DO NOT hit the arrow keys, they won't do what you want
right click on putty.exe's window to paste your clipboard into the terminal.  

COMMAND MODE:
hit esc to get back into command mode.
hit delete key when in command mode to delete lines.
hit the arrow keys to move about the page.  
hit "dd" to delete a line.
hit "u" when you've made a mistake to undo changes to the line.

hit "/ STRING" to search the file for STRING, forward.
hit "? STRING" to search the file for STRING, backward.
hit "n" to repeat a search.


TEXT SELECTION
hit "V" to begin highlighting text.  
hit "y" to Copy (aka "yank").
hit "p" to Paste.


GETTING OUT
hit ":wq" to save and quit.
hit ":q!" to quit with out saving.  

SYNTAX HIGHLIGHTING
hit ":syntax on" to have comments a special color, strings a different color, etc.
hit ":syntax off" if that gets boring.   

CHANGE COLORSCHEME
:colorscheme desert
:colorscheme slate


Those last two personalizations can be set to be automatically applied when ever you open a text file, look in the /etc/vim/vimrc file for syntax changing and that will explain how to do things for the most part.

I've recently discovered that vim exists too, and works just like vi only it must have some "improved" features...
Turn syntax on (and set syn=ruby) automatically:
ref: http://web.archive.o...p/t-112119.html
Advanced plugin you can get for VIM:
ref: http://www.vim.org/s...?script_id=1567

VI Notes 2:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1_CfIb-3X4

:set incsearch   ~~ turns on incremental search... type /pattern  in vi to see what I mean
*                ~~ Search for next occurance of word at cursor
f<letter>        ~~ Searches for the next occurance of the specified letter (eg. fa)                 
	;               ~~ go to the next one down
	,               ~~ go back to the previous one

de               ~~ delete to end of word

:%s              ~~ FIND AND REPLACE!

:%s/bla/blaa/g   ~~ for the whole file... replace... / 'bla' / with 'blaa' / Can be more than once per line


gg  ~~beggining of file
G   ~~End of file

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2 Comments On This Entry

Page 1 of 1

no2pencil 

09 October 2011 - 02:44 AM
This is awesome! It's so refreshing to see commands line wget, tar, & make... rather than sudo apt-get.

I'm hopefully making the switch from Apache to nginx once I have the new server installed into the rack. Thank you for this write up!
0

NotarySojac 

12 October 2011 - 04:24 PM
You're quite welcome, let me know if you run into any problems with this procedure as you implement it.
0
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